This study aimed to create a hand sanitizer using natural materials, emphasizing the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of infections. The results indicated that all the prepared hand sanitizers met the acceptable criteria for organoleptic characteristics. The pH of the formulations ranged from 5 to 6. A study involving 20 human volunteers evaluated the acceptability of the hand sanitizer. It was found that the hand sanitizer had a pleasant smell, providing a positive sensory experience during usage. Among the volunteers, 75% expressed a preference for F3 over F1 and F2. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that F3 was the preferred choice for the majority of the volunteers, suggesting its superiority among all the formulations.

Urolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a prevalent urological disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the potential Antiurolithiatic activity of the aqueous leaves extract of Bauhinia variegata against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. This research involves a comprehensive pharmacological evaluation, including various biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses, to elucidate the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of the plant extract. When ethylene glycol (EG) is given to rats in their drinking water at a concentration of 0.75 percent (v/v), oxalate is immediately and considerably excreted in the urine. Thirty inbred Wistar rats (weighing between 180 and 200g each) were utilized. There were five groups created for this 28-day research. The first group (the controls) received merely water. Group 2 was the uroolithiatic-induced group and received Ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water at a concentration of 0.75 percent (v/v). Ethylene glycol (EG) drinking water (0.75% v/v) and 50 mg/kg body weight (i.p.) were administered to Group 3. Test-1 consisted of an aqueous Bauhinia variegate leaf extract. Group 4 received 100 mg/kg of body weight i.p. and ethylene glycol (EG) in water at a concentration of 0.75 v/v. Test-2 consisted of an aqueous Bauhinia variegate leaf extract. Group 5 received the gold-standard treatment, 5 ml/kg body weight p.o. of Cystone (Himalaya health care Pvt. Ltd) functioned as a benchmark sample for comparison. Biochemical and histological analysis indicated that Bauhinia variegate leaf extract prevented oxidative stress and harm to renal cells brought on by calcium oxalate crystals.

Using streptozotocin to artificially induce diabetes in rats, this study aimed to assess the potential effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Peganum harmala on blood sugar levels. For this experiment, five groups of male Wistar albino rats (weighing 200-230 g each) were randomly allocated. Oral administration of two doses of Peganum harmala hydroalcoholic seed extract, along with normal saline, was given to diabetic and control rats. Two hundred and fifty milligrams per kilogram were administered. Blood samples were taken at the end of therapy to determine measures of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TCA), ALT, AST, bilirubin, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Compared to normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats had substantially different levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, MDA, TAC, ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin, and HbA1C. Rats with diabetes showed a considerable improvement in lipid profile, glucose, bilirubin, AST, GGT, and TAC levels after receiving the extract, but a marked decline in glucose, MDA, ALT, and HbA1C. According to the results of this investigation, hydroalcoholic seed extract of Peganum harmala possesses antidiabetic activity and might be useful in treating diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that P. harmala and its active alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline, have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic actions. Chemical analyses have shown that harmalol, harmaline, and harmine are the principal components of this plant. These are beta-carboline alkaloids. There has been a disproportionate amount of focus on harmine among these naturally occurring alkaloids.

Nootropics, often known as smart agents or supplements that improve cognitive ability. They operate by improving cognitive abilities such as memory, creativity, motivation, and concentration. Recent studies have focused on a natural nootropics. The effects of nootropics on the brain have been extensively researched. These influences brain functioning via a variety of methods or routes, such as the dopaminergic system. Previous studies have found that nootropics can help treat memory illnesses like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington’s. These illnesses have been shown to disrupt the same nootropic pathways. Natural nootropics have been extensively researched to support their therapeutic effects. The current study found that rising interest in brain health and productivity has resulted in the development of a various types of synthetic supplements, but not all of these chemicals are without risk. Natural nootropics are a far healthier and safer option to many synthetic nootropics, which may have adverse effects. These types of substances have a wide range of benefits and cognitive fitness, whether it's improving mental performance, lowering the risk of disease, or increasing resilience to stress. Understanding how to include these types of supplements into daily life and can help us have a better understanding of our fitness.

Bilayer tablets are a kind of medication that effectively treats illness by combining two pharmaceuticals, either the same or different ones, in a single dosage. Physically separating active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) may prevent chemical incompatibilities, and bilayer tablets can pave the way for the creation of various drug release profiles, such as immediate and prolonged release. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory bilayer tablets are significantly different. Two medications may be sequentially released from a bi-layer tablet, making it ideal for sustained-release tablets. One layer can be immediate-release for the first dosage, while the other can be a maintenance dose. The purpose of this review is to identify problems with bilayer tablet preparation and to suggest ways to fix them. To further aid comprehension, the article goes on to list the many kinds of bilayer tablets, including single-side presses, double-side presses, and bilayer tablet displacement presses, as well as their uses, advantages, and disadvantages. In addition, the review paper discusses the several ways and procedures used to manufacture bilayer tablets, so readers may have a comprehensive understanding of these tablets. In the last paragraph, the whole essay is evaluated critically.

In this review it is explained about production of gelatin and a special type of hard gelatin capsules with their packaging and storage. Capsules are solid dosage preparations that contain a soft soluble shell of gelatin that encloses the drug substance(s) and/or excipients whereas hard capsules are made up of two pieces that resemble cylinders that are closed at one end: the longer piece is called the "body," and the shorter piece is called the "cap." A variety of formulation types, the majority of which are meant for oral administration, can be filled into capsules. Special applications include capsules that can be added to diagnostic kits, loaded into dry powder inhalers and occasionally soft-shell capsules meant to be inserted as suppositories into the vagina or the rectal cavity. Gelatin or another appropriate polymeric material is typically used to create the sell, which produces an elegant, tasteless, odourless, simple, and easily swallowed dosage form without the need for a second coating step. Capsules can be categorized as hard or soft depending on the makeup of the capsule shell. There was also emphasis on the different packaging and storage techniques.

To attain the necessary concentration of medication in the systemic circulation for the predicted pharmacological response, solubility the phenomenon of solute dissolving in solvent to produce a homogeneous system is a crucial characteristic to consider. The primary challenge in developing formulations for both novel chemical entities and generics is their low water solubility. Formulation scientists face a significant obstacle in solubility. The Classification of Biopharmaceutics states that APIs from Classes II and IV have reduced bioavailability, dissolution, and solubility. The article covers a range of technologies that can be used to make drugs that aren't very water-soluble more soluble. These include crystal engineering, pharmaceutical salts, drug nanocrystals, solid dispersion methods, polymeric micelle preparation, cosolvents, micelles, microemulsions, and emulsion formation. Physical and chemical drug modifications, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, surfactant use, micronization, solid dispersions, nano sizing, cyclodextrin complexation, and other advanced methodologies are primarily described in this review. Other methods also contribute to improving solubility and bioavailability. It was an effort to talk about different complexation methods and to quickly point out their possible uses, as well as their technical and economic limits.

This study aims to present an extensive and up-to-date review of pharmacological activities, Pharmacognostical studies and traditional medicinal uses of Cassia fistula. The golden shower tree Cassia fistula (Amaltas), which is 8–15 meters tall, is a member of the Leguminosae family. Reddish brown roots, compound leaves with three to eight leaflets each, cylindrical pods, and ovoid seeds are all characteristics of the Cassia fistula stem. Alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are among the ingredients of Cassia fistulas bioactive. It has a greater impact on treating various illnesses and has antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. A variety of activities have been reported to be present in it, including anthelmintic, antibacterial and wound healing activities. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present a thorough analysis of the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological characteristics, and pharmacognostic qualities of Cassia fistula.

Moringa Oleifera is commonly known as drumstick tree, horseradish tree which belongs to the family Moringaceae. Drumstick tree is rich in protein, calcium, iron, and polyphenols. It has antioxidant property by removing free radicals. Moringa Oleifera is used to treat liver diseases, kidney stones, diabetes and constipation. It also acts as a source of health beneficial food ingredients. Usually the fruits are used as diaphoretic, splenomegaly, anthelmintic, Antiurolithiatic, diuretic and also useful in bronchitis, asthmatic conditions, and haemorrhoid. Moringa Oleifera extract of various parts is used for the treatment of heart disease, asthma, bronchitis, and for treatment of liver disease. The present review showed an overview on its pharmacological behaviour that are reported in the literature.