Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time and is recognized as a major global public health problem. CKD is defined by abnormalities in kidney structure or function persisting for more than three months and is commonly identified by a reduced glomerular f iltration rate (GFR) or the presence of markers of kidney damage such as albuminuria. The global prevalence of CKD has increased significantly in recent decades and currently affects approximately 10–13% of the world’s population, contributing substantially to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

The major causes of CKD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and genetic or hereditary kidney disorders. Additional risk factors such as obesity, aging, cardiovascular diseases, and exposure to nephrotoxic agents further contribute to the growing burden of the disease. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involve progressive nephron loss, glomerular hyperfiltration, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which collectively lead to a gradual decline in renal function and the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Current management strategies focus primarily on slowing disease progression, controlling underlying causes, and preventing complications. These include lifestyle modifications, strict glycaemic and blood pressure control, use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and other supportive pharmacological therapies. In advanced stages, renal replacement therapies such as dialysis or kidney transplantation are required to sustain life.

Despite advances in treatment, CKD continues to impose a significant health and economic burden worldwide. Future perspectives emphasize the importance of early detection, improved screening programs for high-risk populations, development of novel therapeutic targets, and implementation of effective preventive strategies. Strengthening multidisciplinary care and public health interventions will be crucial to reduce the global impact of CKD and improve patient outcomes.

KEYWORDS: Chronic Kidney Disease, GFR, KDGIO, DM, HTN, Anemia.