Green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer nanomedicine, offering a sustainable, biocompatible, and highly efficient alternative to conventional chemical and physical methods. Utilizing plant extracts, microorganisms, and natural polymers as reducing and stabilizing agents, this eco-friendly synthesis route eliminates toxic byproducts and enhances the biomedical potential of nanoparticles. These biogenic nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area, stability, and tunable morphology, which contribute to their superior anticancer efficacy. They demonstrate targeted cytotoxicity through mechanisms including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial disruption, DNA fragmentation, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. Additionally, green-synthesized nanoparticles can be conjugated with chemotherapeutic drugs, antibodies, or phytochemicals to achieve site-specific delivery via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and ligand-receptor interactions. Their application extends to advanced therapeutic modalities including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and gene delivery systems, significantly improving treatment outcomes in various cancer models. The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single nanoplatform further enables real-time monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. However, despite their promising therapeutic potential, challenges such as variability in biological sources, lack of standardized synthesis protocols, and limited clinical translation remain key obstacles. Future research focusing on mechanistic understanding, large-scale production, and regulatory validation is critical to harness the full potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles. Overall, this review highlights the emerging role of green nanotechnology in oncology, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize cancer treatment through safe, cost-effective, and sustainable innovations.

Keywords: Green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Cancer therapy, Biogenic nanotechnology, Targeted drug delivery