Monosodium glutamate (MSG), widely used as a flavor enhancer, has garnered increasing attention regarding its potential effects on bone health. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence examining MSG’s impact on bone metabolism, mineral density, and skeletal integrity. A comprehensive literature search revealed contrasting effects: beneficial outcomes in protein-deficient states through glutamine-mediated osteoblast stimulation, and detrimental effects via oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Animal studies demonstrate that MSG supplementation can improve bone mineral density and microarchitecture in protein-restricted models, while excessive doses may induce bone loss through calcium dysregulation and hormonal disruption. Human data remains limited, with epidemiological studies suggesting potential associations between high MSG consumption and reduced bone health in specific populations. The evidence indicates dose-dependent, context-specific effects that warrant careful consideration in dietary recommendations. Future research should prioritize well-designed clinical trials to establish safe consumption thresholds and identify vulnerable populations. Understanding MSG’s dual mechanisms on bone health is crucial for developing evidence-based guidelines and targeted interventions.

Keywords: Monosodium Glutamate, Bone Health, Osteoporosis, Bone Mineral Density, Glutamate Metabolism