This study synthesizes current insights into the neurotoxic effects of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) on the central nervous system. Growing evidence links MNP exposure to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The study focuses on how these plastic particles induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cellular homeostasis disruption. Key mechanisms include lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, protein misfolding, and neuronal death. It also explores alterations in gene expression related to neurotransmission and antioxidant defense, emphasizing the complex interaction between the physicochemical properties of MNPs and their neurobiological impact. By comparing MNP-induced effects with those of known neurotoxic agents, the research identifies critical gaps in knowledge particularly regarding dose-response relationships, chronic exposure, and the impact of different polymer types and additives. The study concludes by advocating for multidisciplinary research to develop better detection tools, protective strategies, and public health policies to address the emerging neurological threats posed by MNP pollution.

Keywords: Microplastics, Nano Plastics, Neurotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, Blood Brain Barrier, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Plastic Pollution.