In recent years, cancer therapy has envolved from traditional methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, including immuno-oncology (IO) This innovative approach uses the body the immune system’s role in fighting cancer cells has shown exceptional success. Biomarker testing, particularly PD-L1, is now mandatory before treatments such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for lung, stomach, head and neck cancer, and atezolizumab (Tecentriq) for cervical and endometrial cancer cancer but PD-L1 is important for other cancers is uncertain and Despite progress, challenges in managing the side effects and high costs of IO persist, causing concern for the NHS and other healthcare systems. Furthermore, the IO pipeline includes promising CAR-T cell therapies and cancer therapies, although these present unique toxicity and cost challenges. Immunotherapies can be used as a delivery mechanism by attaching a monoclonal antibody to a chemotherapy drug to make an antibody drug conjugate (ADC). The antibody seeks out and hones in on a specific molecule on the tumor cell, bringing the chemotherapy with it.